Primacy / Supremacy of European Community Law against Sovereignty of the Member States
Mémoire - 25 pages - Droit européen
Today the European Union (EU) consists of 27 Member States; it reaches from the Atlantic coast of Western Europe all the way to the Black Sea of Eastern Europe. In the European Union, the most important and closest collaboration between the Member States happens via the European Community (EC)....
Plessy Vs Ferguson, 1896
Commentaire d'arrêt - 5 pages - Libertés publiques
Slavery was 'politically' abolished during the Civil War in 1863 by the 'Emancipation Proclamation' of President Lincoln, who used his formal powers in order to deprave the south of its first source of income. This was rather a pragmatic declaration than a real...
Judicial Power: A third and co-equal branch, judicial review and independence
Dissertation - 3 pages - Droit constitutionnel
In the Constitution, the Supreme Court's specificity finds its origin in the adaptation of the British Common Law's legacy to the American federalism. And, the law's superiority or the 'Rule of Law' implies a strong Judicial System. Indeed, the United States seems to consider...
Can constitutional courts be characterized as policy makers?
Étude de cas - 8 pages - Droit de la concurrence
The theme of political role of judges is an old one in the literature of democratic countries. Indeed, Alexis de Tocqueville already tackled the “political importance” of the courts in his famous Democracy in America (1835). The reason is that there is inevitably, in modern democracies,...
The role of the ECJ's (European Court of Justice) : the consumer who is reasonably well-informed and reasonably observant and circumspect
Dissertation - 14 pages - Droit européen
The legal term of the “average consumer” was created by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to protect the average consumer against unfair commercial practises. After the Second War World, many states were indeed inspired by Keynes's theory that aimed at division of resources...
The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court
Dissertation - 4 pages - Droit international
The Preamble of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) first recognizes serious crimes committed in the 20th Centur. It refers directly to genocides and crimes against humanity committed all around the world in the past century. As recent examples of those terrible tragedies,...
To what degree does the Supreme Court have a 'political' role? And in what 'political' direction have the most recent courts taken the Supreme Court?
Étude de cas - 6 pages - Droit international
The judiciary, from the nature of its functions, will always be the least dangerous' in the department of power. This opinion, formulated by Alexander Hamilton in the Federalist papers, relies on a restrictive vision of the role of judges, considered as 'mouths of the law'....
The clash of universalisms, Corporate abuses of human rights and international corporate responsibility
Dissertation - 14 pages - Droit international
Economic History is a discipline not so distant from Law when it comes to understanding the complexity of relations mingling with the power of National States expressed by their faculty of producing law within a territory, and that of commercial enterprises. French economic historian...
The evolution of human rights enforcement
Dissertation - 8 pages - Droit international
The end of the second world conflict has set the beginning of the institutionalization of Human Rights at a world scale: the previous events have indeed made most of the country think about a way to reach a world consensus about basic rights that each single human being could expect to be given...
To what extent does the history of Community competition law mirror the history of the Community itself ?
Dissertation - 5 pages - Droit européen
To evaluate how community competition law reflects the integration process and the history of the Community in general, I shall demonstrate in a first part that community competition law was first strongly influenced by the development of the Union, then I shall explain why it is now facing heavy...
The difficult application of canadian criminal law in Nunavut
Thèse - 57 pages - Droit international
With its creation in 1999, the new territory of Nunavut hoped to solve the social and economical problems it was facing. For the second time in the history of the Poles, indigenous people were given the right by the government to decide their future. The first Inuit to be recognized were the...
Is the European integration a threat to the UK's sovereignty or rather to the UK's exceptional position?
Thèse - 2 pages - Droit européen
After World War II, Winston Churchill called for an European integration, with cooperation between France and Germany. For Britain, there was no place in this structure, as Britain was not only a country but a world power like the USA and the USSR at that time. Sixty years later,...
Courts, unelected tyrants and public forums
Dissertation - 6 pages - Droit constitutionnel
In 2000, during the American presidential elections, the role of the Supreme Court was highly contested. Indeed, it consists of a majority of judges appointed by republican presidents and it decided to stop counting the voices manually in contested towns in Florida and George Bush won the...
English Legal System : The Administration of England and Wales
Cours - 93 pages - Droit autres branches
We'll study the administration of justice in England and Wales. Scotland has it's own courts and system. Civil and criminal justice have come close to each other. They must be treated separately because they are very different in particular in the point of view of appeals and the...
General principles of the Canadian constitutional law
Dissertation - 4 pages - Droit constitutionnel
As a former member of the British Empire, Canada has been widely influenced by certain aspects of the English law. The Canadian parliamentary system finds its origins in the British institutions that were settled after the conquest of 1760 and more particularly with the 1791 constitutional...
Common land ownership in Scotland
Dissertation - 9 pages - Droit autres branches
This essay was largely inspired by the working papers of Andy Wightman, Robin Callander, Graham Boyd and James Perman. James Perman is a Chartered Accountant from Largs. Andy Wightman, Robin Callander and Graham Boyd are independent authors and researchers who work together on occasion through...
Le Congrès et le président des Etats-Unis (2004/2005)
Dissertation - 8 pages - Droit constitutionnel
Parmi les institutions politiques états-uniennes (présidence, cour Suprême...) le Congrès avait à l'origine une place prééminente dans la vie institutionnelle et politique, on était là dans une logique confédérale voire fédéralisante. Ensuite le rôle présidentiel va progressivement...
Droit public
Cours - 155 pages - Droit administratif
Le droit est aussi ancien que la vie en société : à partir du moment où les hommes sont entrés dans l'ère de l'existence collective, ils ont éprouvé le besoin de régler leurs rapports. Depuis, l'époque primitive, le droit a subi de profondes mutations : la diversification des règles suit en effet...
CAVEJ M1 Cours Anglais juridique
Cours - 120 pages - Droit autres branches
So now, let's examine what is a contract at English law. Before we actually go into the details of the characteristics of English contracts, it is necessary to define what precisely a contract is. Essentially, in English law, a contract is an agreement between two or more parties that the...
Regulating the private military industry (Insight into an incomplete framework)
Dissertation - 9 pages - Droit international
In his farewell address to the American people, President Dwight Eisenhower warned the nation to be wary of the military-industrial relationship. Less than 50 years later public attention is once again directed to this relationship due to the unequalled privatization of the conflict in Iraq. The...
Constitutional and administrative law
Dissertation - 4 pages - Droit constitutionnel
The rule of law' is a system of rule in which the relationship between the State and the individual is governed by the law, protecting the individual from arbitrary state action.The rule of law is better understood by translating it into French as 'primauté du droit'. Since the...
Under what circumstances do you think states should intervene in humanitarian crises?
Dissertation - 6 pages - Droit international
Humanitarian intervention deals with two academic fields: political philosophy and international law. The question of intervention depends on the morality and on the legality of the intervention. Is humanitarian intervention a moral duty for different states? Is humanitarian intervention a right...
Advantages and disadvantages of having a written Constitution: the example of United Kingdom
Dissertation - 3 pages - Droit constitutionnel
A constitution is a legal document that sets out the relationships between the three main institutions of the state, that is to say the executive, the legislative and the judicial power, and that which also guarantees a certain amount of rights for the citizens. In a wider sense, and...
Le juge aux États-Unis - la "common law" et la "roman law"
Dissertation - 15 pages - Droit constitutionnel
Les observateurs extérieurs au droit des États-Unis ne le connaissent parfois que par le biais des représentations filmiques et télévisées. Ainsi, il n'est souvent pas nécessaire d'être juriste américain pour connaître le fameux droit de garder le silence qui revient à celui que l'on arrête. De...
The two equality directives of 2000: False-twins
Mémoire - 43 pages - Droit européen
2007, the “European Year of Equal Opportunities for All” in the European Union ended a few months ago, stressing on the question of the current anti-discrimination law in the Union. This initiative of the Commission took place in a general movement of the European Union toward a better...
Criminal law in European Democracy
Dissertation - 17 pages - Droit pénal
Criminal law refers to the need of justice in a society. The European region is called as a continent in geographical terms. However on a broader sense Europe is the Western fifth of the Eurasian landmass of the European Union. Criminal policy in democratic states should encompass the prevention,...
UK and French legal system : structural and conception differences
Dissertation - 6 pages - Droit civil
The governing laws and its legal system in France and the United Kingdom have major differences, as each of the legal systems have and are based on various views. France is governed by the Constitution of 1958. All the French laws are based on this text. In the United Kingdom, the laws are based...
The French Conseil Constitutionnel: In comparison with Constitutional Courts
Dissertation - 11 pages - Droit constitutionnel
I believe that constitutional courts play a major role in legal systems. After the introduction of the 'Conseil Constitutionnel' in 1958, Louis Favoreu, a public law teacher, claimed, 'L'Etat de droit est désormais complet en France'. Indeed, it is often considered that...
The United States and the International Criminal Court: How valid are the US arguments for not joining the International Court ?
Dissertation - 11 pages - Droit international
A new jurisdiction in the history of international accountability of human rights is being set up, but with a limited action which makes it different than a world court. In this document we will analyze the justifications for the lack of commitment by the United States of America towards the ICC...
Cours complet: Introduction au droit constitutionnel
Cours - 52 pages - Droit constitutionnel
Le droit constitutionnel moderne a un triple objet. Tout d'abord, le droit constitutionnel a pour objet de décrire les institutions politiques, d'étudier les problèmes juridiques qui les concernent, d'exposer quelles sont les bases constitutionnelles des institutions administratives...
