La saisine in rem du Juge d'instruction : Commentaire cass. crim. 11 avril 2002
Commentaire d'arrêt - 3 pages - Procédure pénale
Le juge d'instruction doit s'en tenir à sa mission et par conséquent il ne peut en aucun cas sortir des limites de sa saisine. Ainsi par un arrêt en date du 11 avril 2002, il semblerait que la chambre criminelle de la Cour de Cassation vienne jeter le trouble concernant la délimitation de...
Euthanasia / mercy killing : right to die in dignity or murder ?
Dissertation - 4 pages - Droit autres branches
Euthanasia or mercy killing is literally defined as "the practice of ending the life of a human who is incurably ill in a minimally painful way in the purpose of limiting suffering specially by a doctor or under his control." Euthanasia also concerns the act performed by anyone to...
Parenthood in French law and filiation
Dissertation - 9 pages - Droit de la famille
The purpose of this paper is first to understand French parenthood, namely the way to be the legal father or mother of a child. Investigating further, we will see whether the current legislation is modern enough or not, which will be our main question. Indeed, some scholars and politicians think...
Les dérogations à l'effet relatif des contrats
Dissertation - 9 pages - Droit des obligations
Certaines dérogations ne sont qu'apparentes et sont davantage des atténuations au principe de l'effet relatif des contrats que des exceptions (I). D'autres, à l'inverse, constituent des dérogations réelles au principe de l'effet relatif des conventions et à ce...
Evaluate the developing case law of the Court of Justice with respect to its application of the principle of State liability to situations in which a Member state has failed to fulfil its obligations concerning the transposition of a Directive into nation
Dissertation - 6 pages - Droit européen
In the first part, I shall debate that the immediate consequence of the directives and article 228 were the first steps taken by the court with respect to the application of a state liability. In the second part, I shall explain the context and consequences of the application of the...
Solidarité et obligation in solidum
Dissertation - 5 pages - Droit des affaires
Une obligation a souvent plusieurs objets ; elle a encore plus fréquemment plusieurs sujets. Cette pluralité de sujets joue aussi bien en ce qui concerne les créanciers que les débiteurs (Code Civil art. 1101), même si cette dernière hypothèse est la plus fréquente. La pluralité de sujets peut...
The use of information in France
Dissertation - 3 pages - Droit autres branches
In France, the Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés or CNIL is an independent administrative authority whose mission is to ensure that data privacy law is applied to the collection, storage, and use of personal data. We are going to present some laws over the right...
Le contrat in house en droit interne (Commentaire d'arrêt : CE Section 6 avril 2007, Commune d'Aix en Provence)
Commentaire d'arrêt - 10 pages - Droit administratif
Dans la volonté d'extraire « du maquis du droit de la gestion des services publics » un très ordonné « jardin à la française » s'inscrit l'œuvre didactique de la Section du contentieux du Conseil d'Etat. Tout en traçant une grille de lecture pédagogique des relations entre personnes...
Is the American Constitution the best in the world?
Dissertation - 3 pages - Droit constitutionnel
"We, the people of the United States,?do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of America?. By these words starts the American Constitution. This document was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention, led by Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, and...
In the context of Arizona's tough laws on immigration, is it possible to strike a balance between the economic interests of employers and the rights of migrants?
Dissertation - 2 pages - Droit du travail
Immigration is one of the most controversial topics. Indeed, the United States and particularly the State of Arizona witnessed an explosive population growth owing to which immigration became the subject of a rancorous debate and to illustrate this fact, we can mention that 16.8 percent of the...
The French Senate, an inconvenient institution in the modern society
Dissertation - 3 pages - Droit constitutionnel
The French institutional system, just as the English one, is based on a dual Parliament. Indeed, whereas the Assemblée nationale is considered the lower chamber, the Sénat, or equivalent of the House of Lords, is the upper and more conservative one. It is thus, not surprising that since the dawn...
Maxims in equity
Dissertation - 3 pages - Droit civil
The first part in Lord Brown-Wilkinson's citation "Although Equity will not aid a volunteer" is one of the most important maxims in equity. The general definition of a maxim is "a general truth or rule of conduct expressed in a sentence". In the context of equity,...
Torture in America: Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo scandals (2008)
Dissertation - 3 pages - Libertés publiques
Nowadays, torture is universally condemned by states, but it is also carried out by them. In most cases, the act of inflicting severe pain - as punishment or revenge, as a means of getting a confession or information, or for sheer cruelty- takes place in secret. However, that...
Breach of duty of care/ negligence in tort law: Mr J Madisson in Caparo v Dickman
Commentaire d'arrêt - 4 pages - Droit civil
The tort of negligence is one of the most important fields of tort law in modernized law. When a claimant suffers from an act or an omission on behalf of a third party, innumerable ways and means are proposed to impose liability on the defendant. It is essential and necessary for the...
Treasure trove in English Common law
Dissertation - 3 pages - Droit civil
In English Law, there is an uneasy distinction between a category of fixtures and chattels. According to Kevin Gray & Susan Francis Gray, the difference between fixtures and chattels is that fixtures are "physical objects which are regarded as acceding to the realty" in opposition...
Democracy in the US Constitution: Representation and the Balance of Powers
Dissertation - 2 pages - Droit constitutionnel
Although the US Constitution intended to ensure the principles of equal representation and freedom of political expression, the imperfect process by which the document was created resulted in various undemocratic principles that are contrary to the spirit of the given prompt. The...
Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 1 avril 2020, n° 18-85.958 - Le principe « ne bis in idem » ainsi que les réserves formulées par le Conseil constitutionnel interdisent-ils le prononcé de sanctions fiscales pour défaut et insuffisance de déclaration parallèlement à une répression pénale pour fraude fiscale infligée par le juge répressif ?
Commentaire d'arrêt - 6 pages - Droit fiscal
En l'espèce, l'administration fiscale avait déposé une plainte à l'encontre d'un avocat gérant d'une société d'exercice libéral pour omission de déclaration dans les délais légaux de ses revenus, ainsi que, de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée. Par conséquent, ce dernier avait...
Violence, memory and amnesia : political conflicts in XXth century Chile
Dissertation - 2 pages - Droit civil
It was Bonfire Night (5th November 2008), Damien and Nicolas were out playing in the field next to the university. As it was Bonfire Night, they decided to go buy some fireworks. When returning back to the field they saw a cat and thought it would be funny to scare it with a firework....
Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State, Jurgen Habermas
Commentaire de texte - 3 pages - Libertés publiques
Jurgen Habermas, a German philosopher and sociologist born in 1929, has propounded theory inscribed in the tradition of the significant theory and American pragmatism. He has written several pieces about communication, social identity, Europe and multiculturalism in the...
The judiciary in the US political system
Dissertation - 3 pages - Droit constitutionnel
The Constitution provides that federal judges, including judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, are appointed by the President "by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." In 1803, the power of Judicial Review in the U.S. Supreme Court was established with the case...
Trade Unions in the United-States
Dissertation - 2 pages - Droit du travail
The twentieth century witnessed major evolutions in the American workplace, from mass production, to automation, and all the way to the digital economy we know now. Workers' lives have evolved similarly, mostly gaining from the benefits during the century. American workers mostly have...
The legal system of common law in Anglo-Saxon
Dissertation - 4 pages - Droit international
A contract is the most obvious manifestation of law in everyday life. In a legal point of view, not all agreements are seen as enforceable contracts. Indeed, each legal system introduced some rules in order to determine which agreement is enforceable; this corpus of rules is...
Dérogations et exceptions en droit du marché intérieur et en droit de la concurrence
Dissertation - 5 pages - Droit européen
Début 2019, la Commission européenne annonce son opposition ferme au projet de fusion entre Siemens et Alstom. Ces dernières ont pâti d'une interprétation stricte du droit concurrentiel, de la pertinence des marchés, du capital économique par la Commission européenne. Pour les deux...
Constitutional law applicable in the Anglo-Saxon - parliamentary sovereignty
Dissertation - 4 pages - Droit constitutionnel
One of the key characteristics of British Constitution is the dominance of the Parliament. The Parliament is the main legislative body in British Constitution. It is bicameral; and is composed of two chambers, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The main functions of the...
Commentaire d'arrêt, chambre commerciale, 8 janvier 1991: les conditions strictes de l'obligation in solidum
Commentaire d'arrêt - 5 pages - Droit des obligations
Dans cet arrêt, rendu par la chambre commerciale en date du 8 janvier 1991, la Cour de Cassation, après avoir rappelé les conditions strictes de l'obligation in solidum, affirme que la seule obligation indivisible ne saurait, par elle-même, conduire à une qualification d'obligation...
Commentaire d'arrêt de l'Assemblée plénière de la Cour de cassation du 22 novembre 2002 : le principe de rétroactivité in mitius
Commentaire d'arrêt - 5 pages - Droit pénal
La nécessité d'un élément légal pour l'existence d'une infraction entraine comme conséquence, l'impossibilité d'appliquer une loi pénale nouvelle à des faits antérieurs à sa promulgation ou à sa date d'entrée en vigueur. C'est la question de l'application de la loi pénale dans le temps. À ce...
Williams Act and takeover defences in the United States
Étude de cas - 2 pages - Droit international
This statement will be discussed : “Without the process effects generated by the availability of takeover defense in the United States, the Williams Act would not be fit for purpose” The United States is among the countries the most favorable to the use of takeover defenses. A...
Labour unions in the United States
Fiche - 2 pages - Droit du travail
Trade unions in the United States were first organized in the early nineteenth century. The main purpose of a trade union is to collectively bargain with employers for wages, hours, and working conditions. We can define labour union like an association, combination, or organization...
Free Movement of Capital in Europe
Dissertation - 2 pages - Droit européen
According to Article 56 of the European Community Treaty of Maastricht, within the framework of the provisions set out in this Chapter, all restrictions on the movement of capital between Member States and between Member States and third countries shall be prohibited. A vital article that...
The legal professions in the English legal system: barristers, solicitors and magistrates
Cours - 7 pages - Droit autres branches
First, we must know there is a separation in the legal profession of lawyer, there are: - barristers: (avocat, conseiller juridique) who work exclusively in the bar (à la barre du tribunal) to defend their clients. - and solicitors (notaire, avoué) who work on the administrative...
