European Union, legal system, international agreements, international legal order
"The EU Member States may be divided into those whose legal order is monist and those whose legal order is dualist."
In monist States, once an international agreement has been agreed to, its entering into force in the international legal order entails its entering into force in the national legal order. In dualist States however, this entering into force at the national level requires a specific legal instrument.
In the concrete, the instrument may reproduce the exact content of the international agreement or explicitly requires the observance of the agreement's provisions.
[...] Haegeman v Belgian State [1974] Case 104/81 Hauptzollamt Mainz v C.A. Kupferberg & Cie KG a.A [1982] 4.2 Sources in English Gary Slapper and David Kelly, The English Legal System (14th edn, Routledge 2013) 708 UMUCYO Alain-Patrick. The choice for practical monism in relation to EU law by France, Germany and the United Kingdom [online] December 2014. Oboulo. accessed 11 July Source in French SCHMIED, Frédéric. Les effets des accords de l'OMC dans l'ordre juridique de l'Union européenne et de ses États membres. [...]
[...] The introduction of the article 216 TFEU appears therefore as an ultimate effort of engraving in primary law what the CJEU had already outlined. As a part of primary law, the article represents a protection against (dualistic) moves to challenge EU norms hierarchy because the changing of EU primary law requires a specific procedure different from the ordinary legislative procedure observed for secondary legislation, for instance SCHMIED, Frédéric. Les effets des accords de l'OMC dans l'ordre juridique de l'Union européenne et de ses États membres. [...]
[...] According to Article 228 these agreements are binding on the institutions of the Community and on Member States. Consequently, it is incumbent upon the Community institutions, as well as upon the Member States, to ensure compliance with the obligations arising from such agreements.” 7 SCHMIED, Frédéric. Les effets des accords de l'OMC dans l'ordre juridique de l'Union européenne et de ses États membres. L'invocabilité au service de l'influence de l'Union sur la mondialisation du droit. ClermontFerrand : Fondation Varenne Collection des Thèses. [...]
[...] They were determined by concrete cases that required the Court of Justice to clarify EU law in order for those cases to be dealt with accordingly by the national courts. However, the underlying presence of the teaching and, more specifically, the position of the Court 1 SCHMIED, Frédéric. Les effets des accords de l'OMC dans l'ordre juridique de l'Union européenne et de ses États membres. L'invocabilité au service de l'influence de l'Union sur la mondialisation du droit. ClermontFerrand : Fondation Varenne Collection des Thèses. [...]
[...] accessed 11 July about monism and dualism is noticeable The concrete cases that gave the opportunity to the CJEU to clarify the situation of the EU legal order in relation to external norms were focused on determining whether international agreements acceded to by the EU had a direct effect. This concept of direct effect in the EU legal system of international treaties concluded by the EU would mean that those treaties can confer specific rights to individuals in the EU without the need of any implementing act. [...]
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