Free movement of people (workers) in the European Union (EU) Member States is one of the Four Freedoms and was developed from the concept of EU citizenship introduced by the Maastricht Treaty (1992). In fact, the European Coal and Steel Community (1951) established a right for free movement for workers in these industries and the Treaty of Rome (1957) provided free movement for workers within the European Economic Community (EEC). According to the case by Levin, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) found that freedom of workers in Member States is not only a means of creation of an ideal single market for Member States, but also raises the workers' standard of living.
[...] In conclusion, economic and political development in Europe is significant to free movement of people (workers) in the Member States. With legislation, administration and execution of Community Rules, certain areas have greatly contributed to large-scale mobility of workers in Member States and achieved the principle of the Single Market. Due to policy differences and national interests of each Member State, to a certain extent, free movement of workers still remains at a transitional stage and is not totally open among administrations of Member States. [...]
[...] Another concern for free movement of people is the right of posted workers. Posted worker is a person employed in one EU Member State but sent by his employer on a temporary basis to carry out his work in another Member State. However, posted workers do not include migrant workers. Based on The Posting Of Workers Directive (Directive 96/71/EC), compulsory rules on posting covers essential issues such as maximum work periods and minimum rest periods, minim paid annual leave, rates of pay, equal treatment and working conditions. [...]
[...] Labour mobility within the EU in the context of enlargement and the functioning of the transitional arrangements. Nuremberg (2009). Website European Commission. Enlargement transitional provisions. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=466&langId=en (Retrieved on 21 February 2010) Europa. Press Release RAPID. Free movement of workers after accession of Bulgaria and Romania: Frequently Asked Questions. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/06/513 (Retrieved on 21 February 2010) EURES. [...]
[...] Information on the transitional rules governing the free movement of workers from, to and between the new member states. http://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?acro=free&lang=en&countryId=DK&fromCountr yId=CZ&accessing=0&content=1&restrictions=1&step=2 (Retrieved on 22 February 2010) European Trade Union Confederation.Towards free movement of workers in an enlarged European Union. http://www.etuc.org/a/1898 (Retrieved on 22 February 2010) EUR-Lex, Access to European Law. Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC). [...]
[...] The “General System” applies to the 15 Member States (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom etc) in which recognition process of the above professions is simplified. Besides, under the Article 39, as long as practice of sport is proven as an economic activity, professional athletes engaging gainful employment are applied to prohibition of discrimination of their nationality. As it is seen from football players in Europe, they can benefit from the Bosman-case in that legally employed professional players would not be discriminated against when playing in a Member State. [...]
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